Understandably, the dominant focus (conceptually and practically) of most governments, media outlets and the general public, both globally and in South Africa, has been on understanding and confronting the immediate impact and effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
In particular, this focus has been directed at global as well as national impacts and responses related to human health and economic relations.
For the most part however, what has been missing is an understanding of the pandemic’s more foundational causes. Further, how, as we move through this unprecedented crisis, such an understanding can potentially provide fertile ground for some of the conceptual and practical, systemic changes we so desperately need.
Foundations
At the heart of the multi-level crises that this virus has unleashed is the fact that so little is known about it and that it is not an isolated case. The reasons for this are there to find if we look hard enough.
Namely, that the increased occurrence of largely unknown and ever-more-virulent viruses is directly linked to the nature/character of land use and food production under the neoliberal model of capitalism; to the contemporary dominance of an “industrial model” of agriculture that is umbilically tied to the never-ending search for maximum profits, whatever the human, social and/or environmental consequences.
More specifically, there is a clear connection to the vast increase in mono-agriculture production, which entails the massive appropriation and exploitation of land (forests, jungles, small-scale farms, etc.) by corporate and/or state owned and facilitated agri-business. This is practically achieved by the complimentary destruction of natural animal habitats and richly bio-diverse areas through logging, clear-cutting, mining, road construction as well as rapid urbanisation.
In a recent public statement, the African Centre for Biosafety confirmed the foundational connections: “There are many examples of how ecosystem disruption causes diseases and outbreaks [wherein] … most pandemics including HIV/AIDS, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Lyme disease and hundreds more, have their roots in environmental change and ecosystem disturbances.”
As evolutionary biologist Rob Wallace points out, the cumulative result, and more especially over the past 2–3 decades, is that the previously strong and vibrant natural defences against pathogens (which give rise to viruses) are being destroyed at an incredible rate.
In turn, this is creating ever expanding breeding grounds for new pathogens to which humans and other animals are exposed more than ever. In Wallace’s words, “growing genetic monocultures of domestic animals removes whatever immune firebreaks may be available to slow down transmission”.
David Quammen, author of the prescient book, Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Pandemic, puts it bluntly: “We cut the trees; we kill the animals or cage them and send them to markets. We disrupt ecosystems, and we shake viruses loose from their natural hosts.
“When that happens, they need a new host. Often, we are it.”
Indeed, the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that three-quarters of new or emerging diseases that infect humans originate in animals.
The rise and rise of the (mostly illegal) wildlife trade over the past couple of decades, in particular, is a direct and clear result of these developments. Australian academic Simon Evans makes a strong argument that while this trade has so far largely been approached and criticised “purely in terms of conservation”, given the COVID-19 pandemic there is a much greater impetus to consider it in “relation to broader themes of biosecurity, public health and economic impact”.
These are the structural realities that are central to the “developmental” model of neoliberal capitalism. This is so precisely because they facilitate and support corporate capital — in most instances actively facilitated and in some cases led by the state — to control, own and exploit land and resources at both national and global levels irrespective of any linked human, social, economic, political or ecological imperative or consequence.
As the escalating crisis of climate change is so tragically and consistently showing, unless there is a re-framing of human consciousness and practice centred on planetary health (which umbilically links human and ecosystem health), then our world is heading for a future of perennial planetary disasters.
But this does not have to be the case.
Opportunities
There will always be those, like the ideological cheerleaders of “free-market capitalism” and climate change denialists, who want us all to believe that changing the status quo is simply impractical, the preserve of foolish (and of course, socialist) idealists.
But as many of the responses to the pandemic are already showing so clearly, the human impetus and will to embrace previously shunned social and economic policies as well as collectively-framed relationships of caring and solidarity, is not only practically possible but existentially necessary.
Besides the more immediate containment, prevention, treatment and socio-economic measures that have and will be taken (noting that the relative and nationally-specific degrees of efficacy remain debatable), what this pandemic provides are opportunities to mutually address the structural realities at both a global and national level.
At a global level, such opportunities relate directly to:
• Gradual and systematic (socialised) changes in the dominant agricultural model; more specifically, the replacement of mass, mono-cultural and factory production of crops (for both domesticated animal and humans) and animal meat with regenerative agro-ecology;
• Longer-term, climate-conscious and people centred changes in the overall model of industrial production, which have been outlined and argued for in great detail by a wide range of organisations, communities, activists and researchers;
• A phasing out of the illegal wildlife trade;
• The serious scaling back of narrow nationalist political, socio-cultural and economic agendas and relational behaviour and the rise of more universalist, inclusive, equal and humane values and behaviour that can inform changed political, economic and social policies and relations within and amongst nations.
At a national level — and more specifically in South Africa — opportunities include:
• The gradual, short-medium term building of a capacitated, well-resourced and managed public healthcare system actively supported by and integrated with the private side (Here, it must be noted that while the National Health Insurance initiative provides a necessary framework, without the core issues of capacitation and management being directly and practically addressed, has the potential to squander the possibilities of achieving this kind of public healthcare system);
• Much more inclusive/democratic and efficient management and provision of basic needs and services on a universal, equitable and public to public scale;
• A clear and sustainable programme of the building and maintenance of public infrastructure related to transport, housing, health, education as well as water and sanitation;
• The socialisation (that is, public and cooperative ownership and management, not simply nationalisation) of land and natural resources as well as of public enterprises, which would provide fertile terrain for all of the above to become sustainable.
Arguably, the most crucial opportunity that traverses every other one mentioned is for a changed human consciousness and practice. The “catchwords” that should inform and animate the overall approach to this pandemic, at both the more immediate and longer-term structural levels of response and engagement are: equality, trust, creativity, resilience, compassion, social solidarity, common respect and yes, love.
It is not likely that the coronavirus pandemic will occasion the demise of the capitalist system for the foreseeable future. However, what is much more likely to happen and indeed to be welcomed by the majority of humanity, is the potential to catalyse opportunities for positive, progressive human and nature-centred change at both the collective and individual levels.
Such change, in practice, can show that not only are there alternative (non-capitalist) ways of living and doing at the systemic levels of political, social and economic relations, but that human beings are (as they have always been) capable of changing their world for the better.
[Dale McKinley is a long-time political activist, researcher-writer and lecturer and has been involved in social movement, community and political struggles in South and Southern Africa for over three decades. He presently works as a research and education officer at the International Labour, Research and Information Group].