In this excerpt from the first Frantz Fanon Memorial Lecture, delivered on August 17 at the University of Durban-Westville School of Governance, PATRICK BOND debates Pretoria's global strategies, tactics and alliances.
In a formidable speech on August 11, South African President Thabo Mbeki castigated a section of the "native petty bourgeoisie, with the native intelligentsia in its midst, that, in pursuit of well-being that has no object beyond itself, commits itself to be the foot-lickers of those that will secure the personal well-being of its members".
Cynics may be tempted to view Mbeki's own recent pronouncements on global governance in a similar vein: the uncritical embrace, during a May trip to the US, of President Bill Clinton's corporate-designed Africa Growth and Opportunity Act, of highly conditional debt "alleviation" — not cancellation — by the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), and of renewed World Trade Organisation negotiations.
In each case, the 1960s-era radical intellectuals whom Mbeki cited repeatedly in his speech — Frantz Fanon, Amilcar Cabral, Walter Rodney, Malcolm X — would have called for revolution against, not reform of, the Washington-centred world economy.
At the Havana meeting of the G-77 countries which Mbeki addressed in May, for example, Cuba's President Fidel Castro proposed the IMF's closure, due to the brutal effect of its policies on the developing world.
Yet soon thereafter, Mbeki chided African National Congress leaders gathered at the Port Elizabeth National General Council meeting: "There is nobody in the world who formed a secret committee to conspire to impose globalisation on an unsuspecting humanity". But in the next breath, Mbeki denounced FIFA's decision to grant the 2006 soccer World Cup to Germany instead of an unsuspecting South Africa: "As the ANC, we therefore understand very well what is meant by what one writer has described as the globalisation of apartheid".
On the one hand, Mbeki displaces Third World problems from the (untouchable) economic to the moral-political terrain, which in turn evokes calls for revision — not dismantling — of existing economic systems and institutions. But on the other hand, he maintains a relentless campaign to persuade his constituents that "There is no alternative" to globalisation, and likewise to his government's failed Growth, Employment and Redistribution economic program.
Is there, however, a more nuanced reading of the global strategy? Mbeki, after all, was introspective in his talk last week: "Our own intelligentsia faces the challenge, perhaps to overcome the class limitations which Rodney speaks of, and ensure that it does not become an obstacle to the further development of our own
revolution".
There can be no doubt that the further development of South Africa's liberation, deep into the hostile socioeconomic territory where class apartheid has been cemented since 1994, does and will require global social change.
What is the program, then? Will it work? Who are the friends and enemies?
At least four strands of a strategy have emerged from Pretoria since Mbeki's rise to the presidency:
In Port Elizabeth, Mbeki noted the ANC's role as "an agent of change to end the apartheid legacy in our own country. We also sought to examine the question of what contribution we could make to the struggle to end apartheid globally." The answer, he told the opening session of parliament this year, is that "we have an obligation ourselves to contribute to the construction of a better world for all humanity. From this, we cannot walk away."
Mbeki may seek allies in other large developing countries but, like South Africa, each appears ready to cut its own deals. He may speak of an "African Renaissance", but his trade minister Alec Erwin profoundly alienated African delegates to the World Trade Organisation summit last December, and the SA-European Union free trade deal is justifiably feared in the region.
And just after finance minister Trevor Manuel became chair of the IMF and World Bank board of governors late last year, reforms went into reverse gear, witnessed by the furious resignations of two leading dissident bank economists, Joseph Stiglitz and Ravi Kanbur, and Washington's veto of an IMF managing director who would not, to borrow Mbeki's metaphor, lick the feet of US Treasury secretary Lawrence Summers.
Further reason to doubt the integrity of the strategy emerged when Mbeki sided with global corporations, during the Durban meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government he chaired last November, against the Congress of South African Trade Unions' attempt to impose "social clauses" to protect labour and the environment via trade deals. "We are pleased that the Commonwealth Business Council has made its own submission", Mbeki told the corporate executives, who were also opposed to pro-labour provisions in the World Trade Organisation.
Mbeki may have been correct, some radical Third World economists say, because such clauses would simply have amplified Washington's power of protectionism. Yet it is here, in the broader debate over the merits of a strengthened global economic order, with a world state in only embryonic form, that Mbeki's critics are most concerned.
From the pan-Africanist tradition in which Mbeki locates the present managers of South Africa's "revolution", the question arises whether, to be blunt, a Frantz Fanon would have joined or criticised Mbeki for shining the chains of global apartheid — at a time when opportunities are emerging to break those chains.
Mbeki, after all, came home from the G-8 meeting in Japan in July empty handed on debt relief; Manuel returned from Washington World Bank/IMF meetings in April with no democratisation progress to report; and Erwin emerged embarrassed from the Seattle trade fiasco last December. The reform gamble is in fact now in bankruptcy.
The only successful component of Pretoria's strategy — pressing US firms, which were backed by Democratic presidential hopeful Al Gore, to give up their patents on life-saving HIV-AIDS drugs — was the result not of cosying up to the US or other developing countries. Instead, the local Treatment Action Campaign and their activist allies in the US, by all accounts, made the difference in changing power relations and forcing Gore to retreat.
In his heart, Mbeki knows this. As he told a group of young socialist activists in Sweden, "Fundamental to the labour, social democratic, socialist and national liberation movements from their very inception, is the adherence to the view that the people must be their own liberators".
If so, the strategy to change the world should return to its roots. Mbeki himself put it best, while in Stockholm: "As the movement all of us present here represent, surely our task must be to encourage these masses, where they are oppressed, to rebellion, to assert the vision fundamental to all progressive movements that — the people shall govern!"
Rebellion against globalised apartheid is, Fanon would agree, the only way to change the world.
BY PATRICK BOND
[Patrick Bond teaches at Wits University, Johannesburg, and recently authored two books: Elite Transition, published by Pluto Press, and Cities of Gold, Townships of Coal, published by Africa World Press.)